First Aid Guide: Heat Emergencies

First Aid Guides and Checklists

Heat Stroke

Treatment
First seek immediate medical help and call 9-1-1. Cool the person with whatever means available — put in a cool tub of water or a cool shower, spray with a garden hose, sponge with cool water, fan while misting with cool water, or place ice packs or cold, wet towels on the person’s head, neck, armpits and groin. Do not give the person anything to eat or drink. Treat for shock.


Heat Exhaustion

Heat exhaustion is less dangerous than heat stroke. It is caused by fluid loss which in turn causes blood flow to decrease in vital organs, resulting in a form of shock. Causes of heat illness include exposure to high temperatures, particularly when there is also high humidity, and strenuous physical activity. Without prompt treatment, heat exhaustion can lead to heatstroke.

Symptoms
Symptoms of heat exhaustion may start suddenly or progress over time, especially with prolonged periods of exercise. Possible heat exhaustion symptoms include cool, moist skin with goose bumps when in the heat, heavy sweating, faintness, dizziness, fatigue, weak, rapid pulse, low blood pressure upon standing, muscle cramps, nausea, and headache.

Treatment
Stop all activity and rest. Move to a cooler place (indoors, shade, fans). Drink cool water or sports drinks. Remove or loosen clothing. Cool by fanning or applying cold packs or wet towels or sheets. If conscious, give water to drink every 15 minutes. If conditions don’t improve within 60 minutes, seek medical help.


Heat Cramps

Heat cramps are painful, involuntary muscle spasms that usually occur due to heavy exertion in hot environments. They usually involve the abdominal muscles, calves, arms, but heat cramps may involve any muscle group involved in exercise.. Fluid and electrolyte loss often contribute to heat cramps.

Treatment
Rest briefly and cool down. Drink clear juice or an electrolyte-containing sports drink. Practice gentle, range-of-motion stretching and gentle massage of the affected muscle group. Don’t resume strenuous activity for several hours or longer after heat cramps go away. If conditions don’t improve within 60 minutes, see medical help.


For sunburn, see the First Aid Guide on Burns